Description

HINDS DPEM-460A

The 100nm high-performance photoelastic modulator (PEM), also known as a polarization modulator, is a core product produced by Hinds Instruments (now part of IX Blue Photonics) and is widely used in scientific research and industry where high-speed and precise control of the polarization state of light is required.

Core Product Overview

In simple terms, the DPEM-460A is an electro-optic device based on the photoelastic effect. By applying a high-frequency AC voltage, it induces periodic mechanical stress in its internal optical material, thereby periodically altering the birefringence of the light passing through it. This enables the rapid modulation of the light’s polarization state.

Key Features

1. High-Frequency Modulation: Its designed center frequency is 460 kHz, a very high frequency that allows for extremely fast measurements and modulation.

2. No Moving Parts, High Reliability: Unlike mechanical modulation methods like rotating waveplates, the PEM is a purely electronic device with no mechanical wear, resulting in a long lifespan and exceptional stability.

3. Large Optical Aperture: It typically features a large clear aperture (e.g., 12mm), facilitating easy optical alignment and the transmission of high-power lasers.

4. High Phase Retardation Accuracy: It can produce very precise and stable phase retardation (typically a quarter-wave or half-wave), which is crucial for precision measurements.

5. Low Drive Voltage: Compared to other electro-optic modulators (such as Pockels cells), PEMs generally require lower drive voltages.

How It Works

The core of the DPEM-460A is a high-quality optical crystal (typically fused silica) driven by a piezoelectric transducer. When an AC voltage at a specific frequency (e.g., 460 kHz) is applied to the piezoelectric transducer, the piezoelectric effect causes the optical crystal to expand and contract periodically (i.e., stress). This stress alters the refractive index of the crystal, creating a different refractive index for two orthogonal polarization components of light, thereby introducing a periodic phase delay (i.e., birefringence). The magnitude of this phase delay is proportional to the amplitude of the applied voltage.

Key Parameters (Typical Values)

• Modulation Frequency: 460 kHz (Fundamental)

• Optical Material: Fused Silica (suitable for UV to NIR wavelengths)

• Clear Aperture: Typically 12 mm

• Phase Retardation Range: Typically adjustable, e.g., 0 to 0.5 waves (at a specific wavelength)

• Wavelength Range: Dependent on optical material; the fused silica version typically covers ~190nm – 2100nm.

• Drive Voltage: Requires a dedicated controller (e.g., Hinds PEM Controller) which provides the high-frequency drive signal.

Primary Applications

Due to its exceptional performance, the DPEM-460A is widely used in the following fields:

1. Ellipsometry:

   • This is the most classic application of PEMs. It is used to measure film thickness, optical constants (n, k), and surface morphology. PEM-based ellipsometers offer high speed and precision.

2. Stokes Polarimetry:

   • Used for the rapid and accurate measurement of the complete polarization state (Stokes parameters) of a light beam.

3. Circular Dichroism (CD) Spectroscopy:

   • Used to study the structure of chiral molecules, an essential tool in biochemistry and pharmaceuticals. The PEM can rapidly switch between left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light.

4. Magnetic Circular Dichroism (MCD) Spectroscopy:

   • Used to study the magnetic properties of materials.

5. Laser Frequency Stabilization and Lock-in Detection:

   • Used in precision laser spectroscopy to generate error signals for locking a laser’s frequency.

6. Quantum Optics:

   • Used to manipulate the polarization state of qubits.

System Components

To use the DPEM-460A, a complete system is typically required, including:

• PEM Head: The DPEM-460A unit itself.

• PEM Controller: For example, Hinds Instruments’ II/FS series controllers. The controller provides the precise high-frequency drive signal for the PEM head and often incorporates lock-in amplifiers and function generators for synchronous detection and signal demodulation.

• Photodetector: Used to detect the modulated light signal.

• Data Acquisition and Processing System: Such as a computer with corresponding software.

 

 

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